Support Vector Machines are perhaps one of the most popular and talked about machine learning algorithms. They were extremely popular around the time they were developed in the 1990s and continue to be the go-to method for a high-performing algorithm with little tuning. In this post you will discover the Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning algorithm. After reading this post you will know: How to disentangle the many names used to refer to support vector machines. The representation used by SVM when the model is actually stored on disk. How a learned SVM model representation can be used to make predictions for new data. How to learn an SVM model from training data. How to best prepare your data for the SVM algorithm. Where you might look to get more information on SVM. Maximal-Margin Classifier The Maximal-Margin Classifier is a hypothetical classifier that best explains how SVM works in practice. The numeric input variables (x) in your data (the columns) form an n-dimensional space. For example, if you had two input variables, this would form a two-dimensional space. A hyperplane is a line that splits the input variable space. In SVM, a hyperplane is selected to best separate the points in the input variable space by their class, either class 0 or class 1. In two-dimensions you can visualize this as a line and let’s assume that all of our input points can be completely separated by this line. For example: B0 + (B1 * X1) + (B2 * X2) = 0 Where the coefficients (B1 and B2) that determine the slope of the line and the intercept (B0) are found by the learning algorithm, and X1 and X2 are the two input variables. You can make classifications using this line. By plugging in input values into the line equation, you can calculate whether a new point is above or below the line. Above the line, the equation returns a value greater than 0 and the point belongs to the first class (class 0). Below the line, the equation returns a value less than 0 and the point belongs to the second class (class 1). A value close to the line returns a value close to zero and the point may be difficult to classify. If the magnitude of the value is large, the model may have more confidence in the prediction. The distance between the line and the closest data points is referred to as the margin. The best or optimal line that can separate the two classes is the line that as the largest margin. This is called the Maximal-Margin hyperplane. The margin is calculated as the perpendicular distance from the line to only the closest points. Only these points are relevant in defining the line and in the construction of the classifier. These points are called the support vectors. They support or define the hyperplane. The hyperplane is learned from training data using an optimization procedure that maximizes the margin. Soft Margin Classifier In practice, real data is messy and cannot be separated perfectly with a hyperplane. The constraint of maximizing the margin of the line that separates the classes must be relaxed. This is often called the soft margin classifier. This change allows some points in the training data to violate the separating line. An additional set of coefficients are introduced that give the margin wiggle room in each dimension. These coefficients are sometimes called slack variables. This increases the complexity of the model as there are more parameters for the model to fit to the data to provide this complexity. A tuning parameter is introduced called simply C that defines the magnitude of the wiggle allowed across all dimensions. The C parameters defines the amount of violation of the margin allowed. A C=0 is no violation and we are back to the inflexible Maximal-Margin Classifier described above. The larger the value of C the more violations of the hyperplane are permitted. During the learning of the hyperplane from data, all training instances that lie within the distance of the margin will affect the placement of the hyperplane and are referred to as support vectors. And as C affects the number of instances that are allowed to fall within the margin, C influences the number of support vectors used by the model. The smaller the value of C, the more sensitive the algorithm is to the training data (higher variance and lower bias). The larger the value of C, the less sensitive the algorithm is to the training data (lower variance and higher bias). Support Vector Machines (Kernels) The SVM algorithm is implemented in practice using a kernel. The learning of the hyperplane in linear SVM is done by transforming the problem using some linear algebra, which is out of the scope of this introduction to SVM. A powerful insight is that the linear SVM can be rephrased using the inner product of any two given observations, rather than the observations themselves. The inner product between two vectors is the sum of the multiplication of each pair of input values. For example, the inner product of the vectors [2, 3] and [5, 6] is 2*5 + 3*6 or 28. The equation for making a prediction for a new input using the dot product between the input (x) and each support vector (xi) is calculated as follows: f(x) = B0 + sum(ai * (x,xi)) This is an equation that involves calculating the inner products of a new input vector (x) with all support vectors in training data. The coefficients B0 and ai (for each input) must be estimated from the training data by the learning algorithm. Polynomial Kernel SVM Instead of the dot-product, we can use a polynomial kernel, for example: K(x,xi) = 1 + sum(x * xi)^d Where the degree of the polynomial must be specified by hand to the learning algorithm. When d=1 this is the same as the linear kernel. The polynomial kernel allows for curved lines in the input space. Radial Kernel SVM Finally, we can also have a more complex radial kernel. For example: K(x,xi) = exp(-gamma * sum((x – xi^2)) Where gamma is a parameter that must be specified to the learning algorithm. A good default value for gamma is 0.1, where gamma is often 0 < gamma < 1. The radial kernel is very local and can create complex regions within the feature space, like closed polygons in two-dimensional space. How to Learn a SVM Model The SVM model needs to be solved using an optimization procedure. You can use a numerical optimization procedure to search for the coefficients of the hyperplane. This is inefficient and is not the approach used in widely used SVM implementations like stochastic gradient descent Data Preparation for SVM This section lists some suggestions for how to best prepare your training data when learning an SVM model. Numerical Inputs: SVM assumes that your inputs are numeric. If you have categorical inputs you may need to covert them to binary dummy variables (one variable for each category). Binary Classification: Basic SVM as described in this post is intended for binary (two-class) classification problems. Although, extensions have been developed for regression and multi-class classification.

In machine learning, the ability of a model to predict continuous or real values based on a training dataset is called Regression. With a small dataset and some great python libraries, we can solve such a problem with ease. In this blog post, we will learn how to solve a supervised regression problem using the famous Boston housing price dataset. Other than location and square footage, a house value is determined by various other factors. Let’s analyze this problem in detail and using machine learning model to predict a housing price. Dependencies pandas - To work with solid data-structures, n-dimensional matrices and perform exploratory data analysis. matplotlib - To visualize data using 2D plots. seaborn - To make 2D plots look pretty and readable. scikit-learn - To create machine learning models easily and make predictions. Boston Housing Prices Dataset In this dataset, each row describes a boston town. There are 506 rows and 13 attributes (features) with a target column (price). The problem that we are going to solve here is that given a set of features that describe a house in Boston, our machine learning model must predict the house price. To train our machine learning model with boston housing data, we will be using scikit- learn’s boston dataset. We will use pandas and scikit-learn to load and explore the dataset. The dataset can easily be loaded from scikit-learn datasets module using load_boston function import pandas as pd from sklearn import datasets boston = datasets.load_boston() There are four keys in this dataset using which we can access more information about the dataset .["data ", "target", "feature_name" and "DESCR"] are the four keys which could be accessed using keys() on the dataset variable. To know the description of each column name in this dataset, we can use DESCR to display the description of this dataset . Exploratory Data Analysis We can easily convert the dataset into a pandas dataframe to perform exploratory data analysis. Simply pass in the boston.data as an argument to pd.DataFrame(). We can view the first 5 rows in the dataset using head() function. bos = pd.DataFrame(boston.data, columns = boston.feature_names) bos['PRICE'] = boston.target bos.head() Exploratory Data Analysis is a very important step before training the model. Here, we will use visualizations to understand the relationship of the target variable with other features. Let’s first plot the distribution of the target variable. We will use the histogram plot function from the matplotlib library. sns.set(rc={'figure.figsize':(11.7,8.27)}) plt.hist(bos['PRICE'],color ="brown", bins=30) plt.xlabel("House prices in $1000") plt.show() histogram plot We can see from the plot that the values of PRICE are distributed normally with few outliers. Most of the house are around 20–24 range (in $1000 scale) Now, we create a correlation matrix that measures the linear relationships between the variables. The correlation matrix can be formed by using the corr function from the pandas dataframe library. We will use the heatmap function from the seaborn library to plot the correlation matrix. #Created a dataframe without the price col, since we need to see the #correlation between the variables bos_1=pd.DataFrame(boston.data, columns=boston.feature_names) correlation_matrix=bos_1.corr().round(2) sns.heatmap(data=correlation_matrix, annot=True) The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1. If the value is close to 1, it means that there is a strong positive correlation between the two variables. When it is close to -1, the variables have a strong negative correlation. By looking at the correlation matrix we can see that RM has a strong positive correlation with PRICE (0.7) where as LSTAThas a high negative correlation with PRICE (-0.74). plt.figure(figsize=(20, 5)) features = ['LSTAT', 'RM'] target = bos['PRICE'] for i, col in enumerate(features): plt.subplot(1, len(features) , i+1) x = bos[col] y = target plt.scatter(x, y,color='green', marker='o') plt.title("Variation in House prices") plt.xlabel(col) plt.ylabel('"House prices in $1000"') The prices increase as the value of RM increases linearly. There are few outliers and the data seems to be capped at 50. The prices tend to decrease with an increase in LSTAT. Though it doesn’t look to be following exactly a linear line. ‘RM’ shows positive correlation with the House Prices we will use this variable. X_rooms = bos.RM y_price = bos.PRICE X_rooms = np.array(X_rooms).reshape(-1,1) y_price = np.array(y_price).reshape(-1,1) Since we need to test our model, we split the data into training and testing sets. We train the model with 80% of the samples and test with the remaining 20%. We do this to assess the model’s performance on unseen data. To split the data we use train_test_split function provided by scikit-learn library. We finally print the shapes of our training and test set to verify if the splitting has occurred properly. Splitting dataset into training and testing Since we need to test our model, we split the data into training and testing sets. We train the model with 80% of the samples and test with the remaining 20%. We do this to assess the model’s performance on unseen data. To split the data we use train_test_split function provided by scikit-learn library. We finally print the shapes of our training and test set to verify if the splitting has occurred properly. X_train_1, X_test_1, Y_train_1, Y_test_1=train_test_split(X_rooms, y_price, test_size=0.2, random_state=5) Training and Testing the Model Here we use scikit-learn’s LinearRegression to train our model on both the training and check it on the test sets. and check the model performance on the train dataset. reg_1=LinearRegression() reg_1.fit(X_train_1, Y_train_1) y_train_predict_1=reg_1.predict(X_train_1) rmse= (np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(Y_train_1, y_train_predict_1))) r2=round(reg_1.score(X_train_1, Y_train_1),2) print('RMSE is {}'.format(rmse)) print('R2 score is {}'.format(r2)) print("\n") Model Performance The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) or root-mean-square error (RMSE) is a frequently used measure of the differences between values (sample or population values) predicted by a model or an estimator and the values observed. y_pred_1=reg_1.predict(X_test_1) rmse= (np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(Y_test_1, y_pred_1))) r2=round(reg_1.score(X_test_1, Y_test_1),2) print("Root Mean Squared Error: {}".format(rmse)) print("R^2: {}".format(r2)) print("\n") Plotting the Model plotting scatter plot for our model performance which x-axis label = features of house and y-axis label = price of house prediction_space = np.linspace(min(X_rooms), max(X_rooms)).reshape(-1,1) plt.scatter(X_rooms,y_price) plt.plot(prediction_space, reg_1.predict(prediction_space), color = 'black', linewidth = 3) plt.ylabel('value of house/1000($)') plt.xlabel('number of rooms') plt.show()

Problem Statement Create the model that can classify the different species of the Iris flower. Problem solving: Load the dataset. Build the model Train the model Make predictions. Iris Flower: Iris is the family in the flower which contains the several species such as the iris.setosa, iris.versicolor, iris.virginica,etc. 1. Load the datasets: sklearn with the inbuilt datasets for the iris classification problem. Scikit learn only works if data is stored as numeric data, irrespective of it being a regression or a classification problem. It also requires the arrays to be stored at numpy arrays for optimization. Since, this dataset is loaded from scikit learn, everything is appropriately formatted. Let us first understand the datasets The data set consists of: 150 samples 3 labels: species of Iris (Iris setosa, Iris virginica and Iris versicolor) 4 features: Sepal length, Sepal width, Petal length, Petal Width in cm python code to load the Iris dataset. from sklearn import datasets iris = datasets.load_iris() create a pandas dataframe from the iris dataset import pandas as pd data=pd.DataFrame(iris['data'],columns=["Petal length","Petal Width","Sepal Length","Sepal Width"]) data["Species"] = iris["target"] 2. Analysis the iris dataset : There are different types of plots like bar plot, box plot, scatter plot etc. Scatter plot is very useful when we are analyzing the relation ship between 2 features on x and y axis. In seaborn library we have pairplot function which is very useful to scatter plot all the features at once instead of plotting them individually. import seaborn as sns sns.pairplot(data) We can also use histogram to analysis # histograms data.hist() plt.show() 3. Splitting the dataset Since our process involve training and testing ,We should split our dataset. It can be executed by the following code x = data.drop("Species" ,axis=1) y = data["Species"] from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(x,y,test_size =0.3) x_train contains the training features x_test contains the testing features y_train contains the training label y_test contains the testing labels 4. Build the Model We can use any classification algorithm to solve the problem. but i will go with KNN K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) The k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm is a simple, easy-to-implement supervised machine learning algorithm that can be used to solve both classification and regression problems from sklearn import neighbors classifier=neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3) 5. Train the Model We can train the model with fit function. classifier.fit(x_train,y_train) Now the model is ready to make predictions 6. Make Predictions predictions=classifier.predict(x_test) Accuracy Value predictions by our model can be matched with the expected output to measure the accuracy value. from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score print(accuracy_score(y_test,predictions)) So the Accuracy of our model is : 93.3 % If you have project or assignment files, You can send at contact@codersarts.com directly.

JWT stands for JSON web Token It is very popular technology to verify the json data of user (User authentication). It is very secure as once it is send to frontend then no one can modify it if someone modify it user lose the access of the information. It is mostly used for rest API authentication. Now let’s understand it by writing some code. We will be understanding it by using Node.js We also need a NPM package called jsonwebtoken Step1:- Generation a json web token using the user information payload with an expire time. Importing jwt from package installed Var jwt = require(‘jsonwebtoken’); Const payload = { Name: ‘user’ Username: ‘username’, } Jwt.sign( //injecting payload {…payoad}, //key ‘authentication’, { // the jwt token will be expire in 10hrs. expiresIn: ‘10hrs’ }, // we will get an error or an token (err, token) => { //check if error is there If(err){ return Console.log(err); } Console.log(token); } ) Step2:- Method to verify token Jwt.verify( Usertoken, ‘authentication’, (err, decodedToken) => { If(err){ return console.log(‘unauthorized’) } // you will get the same payload object that you have set return console.log(decodedToken) } )

In this blog, we will learn some important facts or topics which is related to deep learning which is given below: In this, we will cover some important and useful topics which are listed below. Recommendation systems Deep Classifiers DeepFace TensorFlow Keras LSTMs CNNs Recommender System This is a top useful machine learning application which is used for predicting the future preference of a set of items for a user and recommend the top items. Let us suppose the real-life example like Netflix, it is a collection of a large number of movies then a new problem arose as people had a hard time selecting the items they actually want to see. To overcome this problem the recommender system is used. Methods used to build the recommender system Content-based recommendation Collaborative Filtering Machine Learning Classifiers There are different types of classifiers, a classifier is an algorithm that maps the input data to a specific category. Now, let us take a look at the different types of classifiers: Perceptron Naive Bayes Decision Tree Logistic Regression K-Nearest Neighbor Artificial Neural Networks/Deep Learning Support Vector Machine DeepFace Recognition In Machine Learning It is a facial recognition system, which is used by Facebook for tagging images. It was proposed by researchers at Facebook AI Research (FAIR) at the 2014 IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR). Below the four steps which are used to a recognition of face: Detect Align Represent Classify TensorFlow TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework. It is used for implementing machine learning and deep learning applications. It is created by the Google team for developing and research an idea on AI. To designed the TensorFlow the python programming language is used hence it makes it easy to use. Some of the key features of TensorFlow are: Efficiently works with mathematical expressions involving multi-dimensional arrays Good support of deep neural networks and machine learning concepts GPU/CPU computing where the same code can be executed on both architectures High scalability of computation across machines and huge data sets Installing TensorFlow using “pip” pip install tensorflow Importing TensorFlow import tensorflow as tf Example: To calculate a simple linear function. import tensorflow as tf x = tf.constant(-2.0, name="x", dtype=tf.float32) a = tf.constant(5.0, name="a", dtype=tf.float32) b = tf.constant(13.0, name="b", dtype=tf.float32) y = tf.Variable(tf.add(tf.multiply(a, x), b)) init = tf.global_variables_initializer() with tf.Session() as session: session.run(init) print(session.run(y)) Keras If you know the other two important python library “Theano” and “TensorFlow” then we will now learn another important library which is used in python machine learning is “Keras” It is a deep learning library that can run on top of Theano or TensorFlow. It runs on both It runs on Python 2.7 or 3.5 and executes on GPUs and CPUs. It installs using pip: sudo pip install keras It makes simple Keras model with few lines of code so it is better than other libraries like “TensorFlow” or “Theano” Example: from keras.models import Sequential from keras.layers import Dense, Activation model = Sequential() model.add(Dense(64, activation='relu', input_dim=50)) #input shape of 50 model.add(Dense(28, activation='relu')) #input shape of 50 model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax')) LSTMs This is the new technology of deep learning artificial neural network(ANNs) Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Long Short Term Memory networks – usually just called “LSTMs” – are a special kind of RNN, capable of learning long-term dependencies. They were introduced by Hochreiter & Schmidhuber (1997). LSTMs are explicitly designed to avoid the long-term dependency problem. LSTMs also have this chain-like structure, but the repeating module has a different structure. Instead of having a single neural network layer, there are four, interacting in a very special way. Source CNNs Convolutional neural network (CNNs) is one of the main categories of deep learning neural network which is used to images recognition, images classifications. Objects detections, recognition faces, etc., are some of the areas where CNNs are widely used. It also called ConvNet. Contact us for this machine learning assignment Solutions by Codersarts Specialist who can help you mentor and guide for such machine learning assignments. If you have project or assignment files, You can send at contact@codersarts.com directly

As per increasing demands by different organization and software industries, here we provide only simple ways to learn various machine learning algorithms and some useful topics which are used now a day most of the areas, which is given below: Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Ensemble Learning Reinforcement Learning Predictive modeling Regression analysis Classification Perceptrons TimeSeries data analysis Supervised Learning: This algorithm consists of a target/outcome variable (or dependent variable) which is to be predicted from a given set of predictors (independent variables) It divided into two categories: Classification Regression Example: Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, KNN, Logistic Regression, etc. Unsupervised Learning: In this algorithms we do not have any target or outcome variable to predict / estimate. It is used for the clustering population in different groups, which is widely used for segmenting customers in different groups for specific intervention or researches. It divided into below categories: Deep Learning Other Deep Learning: Representation Learning 1. Mutual Information 2. Disentanglement 3. Information bottleneck Generative Models 1. GANs 2. VAE Other: Dimension Reduction 1. PCA 2. t-SNE Clustering 1. K-mean 2. GMMs 3. HMMs Ensemble Learning This algorithm used to improve the result by combining more than one algorithms or method. This approach provides a better result than the single machine Learning algorithm, so most of the cases it takes the place first in machine learning challenges. It is used to decrease variance(bagging), bias(boosting), or improve predictions. It divided into two categories: sequential ensemble methods parallel ensemble methods Sequential ensemble methods Example: Adaboost Parallel ensemble methods Example: Random Forest Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning concerned with actors, or agents, taking actions is some kind of environment in order to maximize some type of reward that they collect along the way. Some important features of Reinforcement Learning: Two types of reinforcement learning are 1) Positive 2) Negative Two widely used learning model are 1) Markov Decision Process 2) Q learning Reinforcement Learning method works on interacting with the environment, whereas the supervised learning method works on given sample data or example. Predictive modeling Predictive modeling is an important feature of the machine learning task, it involves some basic steps: Descriptive analysis on the Data Data treatment (Missing value and outlier fixing) Data Modelling Estimation of performance Regression analysis Regression analysis is a form of predictive modelling technique that investigates the relationship between a dependent (target) and the independent variable (s) (predictor). This technique is used for forecasting, time series modelling and finding the causal effect relationship between the variables. Types: Linear Regression Logistic Regression Polynomial Regression Stepwise Regression Ridge Regression Lasso Regression ElasticNet Regression Classification analysis Classification is a process of categorizing a given set of data into classes, It can be performed on both structured or unstructured data. Classification Algorithms Logistic Regression Naive Bayes Stochastic Gradient Descent K-Nearest Neighbors Decision Tree Random Forest Artificial Neural Network Support Vector Machine Contact us for this machine learning assignment Solutions by Codersarts Specialist who can help you mentor and guide for such machine learning assignments. If you have project or assignment files, You can send at contact@codersarts.com directly

Data visualization is the representation of data or information in a graph, chart, or other visual formats. It communicates the relationships of the data with images. Data visualization is used in a large number of areas in statistics and machine learning. There are five key plots that you need to know well for basic data visualization. They are: Line Plot Bar Chart Histogram Plot Box and Whisker Plot Pie chart Scatter chart Series chart Mosaic chart Heat Map Line Plot A line plot is generally used to present observations collected at regular intervals. The x-axis represents the regular interval, such as time. The y-axis shows the observations, ordered by the x-axis and connected by a line. A line plot can be created by calling the plot() function and passing the x-axis data for the regular interval, and y-axis for the observations. Line plot is a type of chart that displays information as a series of data points connected by straight line segments. Line plots are generally used to visualize the directional movement of one or more data over time. In this case, the X axis would be DateTime and the y axis contains the measured quantity, like, stock price, weather, monthly sales, etc. # create line plot pyplot.plot(x, y) Bar Chart A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. Draw vertically: Example: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt; plt.rcdefaults() import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt objects = ('red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'orange', 'pink') y_pos = np.arange(len(objects)) performance = [15,12,10,5,4,1] plt.barh(y_pos, performance, align='center', alpha=0.5) plt.xticks(y_pos, objects) plt.ylabel('Value') plt.title('Color usage') plt.show() Output: Draw horizontally: To draw horizontally used the function barh() Example: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt; plt.rcdefaults() import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt objects = ('red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'orange', 'pink') y_pos = np.arange(len(objects)) performance = [15,12,10,5,4,1] plt.barh(y_pos, performance, align='center', alpha=0.5) plt.xticks(y_pos, objects) plt.ylabel('Value') plt.title('Color usage') plt.show() Output: Histogram plot: A histogram shows the frequency on the vertical axis and the horizontal axis is another dimension. Usually, it has bins, where every bin has a minimum and maximum value. Each bin also has a frequency between x and infinite. Example: import numpy as np import matplotlib.mlab as mlab import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = [15,18,17,2,4,3,55,8,9,40,61,12,33,22,35,36,36,14,46,45] num_bins = 5 n, bins, patches = plt.hist(x, num_bins, facecolor='blue', alpha=0.5) plt.show() Output: Box and Whisker Plot A box plot which is also known as a whisker plot displays a summary of a set of data containing the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. Drawing a Box Plot Boxplot can be drawn calling Series.box.plot() and DataFrame.box.plot(), or DataFrame.boxplot() to visualize the distribution of values within each column. Example import pandas as pd import numpy as np df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(15, 5), columns=['Box1', 'Box2', 'Box3', 'Box4', 'Box5']) df.plot.box(grid='True') Output: Pie Chart Matplotlib pie chart First import matplotlib as: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt Example: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Data to plot labels = 'color1', 'color2', 'color3', 'color4' sizes = [115, 110, 280, 230] colors = ['gold', 'yellowgreen', 'lightcoral', 'lightskyblue'] explode = (0.2, 0, 0, 0) # explode 1st slice # Plot plt.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, colors=colors, autopct='%1.2f%%', shadow=True, startangle=180) plt.axis('equal') plt.show() Output: With “Legend” import matplotlib.pyplot as plt labels = ['green', 'yello', 'other', 'red'] sizes = [45, 20, 30, 25] colors = ['yellowgreen', 'gold', 'lightskyblue', 'lightcoral'] patches, texts = plt.pie(sizes, colors=colors, shadow=True, startangle=90) plt.legend(patche s, labels, loc="best") plt.axis('equal') plt.tight_layout() plt.show() Output: Scatter Plot Use the scatter() method to draw a scatter plot diagram: Example: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = [2,1,10,8,5,15] y = [45,54,56,55,110,78] plt.scatter(x, y) plt.show() Output: Series chart There are many ways to draw the time-series graph: Line Plots. Histograms and Density Plots. Box and Whisker Plots. Heat Maps. Lag Plots or Scatter Plots. Autocorrelation Plots. Mosaic chart These charts are a good representation of categorical entries. A mosaic plot allows visualizing multivariate categorical data in a rigorous and informative way. Example from statsmodels.graphics.mosaicplot import mosaic import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas gender = ['male', 'male', 'male', 'female', 'female', 'female'] pet = ['cat', 'dog', 'dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'cat'] data = pandas.DataFrame({'gender': gender, 'pet': pet}) mosaic(data, ['pet', 'gender']) plt.show() Output: Heat Map It shows the 2D representation of data. Example: import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt data = np.random.random((8, 8)) plt.imshow(data, cmap='cool', interpolation='nearest') plt.show() imshow(), function use to draw the heat map Output: Contact us for this machine learning assignment Solutions by Codersarts Specialist who can help you mentor and guide for such machine learning assignments. If you have project or assignment files, You can send at contact@codersarts.com directly

This is the process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling data for extract relevant and useful information. There are many tools which used to analysis the data which is as: Xplenty, Microsoft HDInsight, Skytree, Talend, Splice Machine, Spark, Plotly, Apache SAMOA, Lumify, Elasticsearch, R-Programming, IBM SPSS Modeler, and more others. There are different techniques that are used for data analysis which is listed below: Data Exploration Summary Statistics Distribution analysis One-Way Frequencies Correlation Analysis Table Analysis t-Tests Predictive Analysis Prescriptive Analysis Statistical Analysis Text Analysis Data Exploration Data exploration is the initial steps in data analysis, it used the techniques of data visualization which is done manually or with the help of many data visualization techniques. Data Exploration is about describing the data by means of statistical and visualization techniques. We explore data in order to bring important aspects of that data into focus for further analysis. Univariate Analysis Univariate analysis explores variables (attributes) one by one. Variables could be either categorical or numerical. There are two types of Univariate Analysis: Categorical Variables Numerical Variables Bivariate Analysis Bivariate analysis is the simultaneous analysis of two variables (attributes). It explores the concept of the relationship between two variables There are three types of bivariate analysis. Numerical & Numerical Categorical & Categorical Numerical & Categorical Summary Statistics or Descriptive This technique is used to summarizing or describing the data. It uses two approaches: Quantitative Approach Visual Approach Descriptive statistics can be used on one or many datasets or variables Distribution analysis A distribution analysis helps us understand the distribution of the various attributes of our data. There are different types of distribution used in machine learning: Types of Distributions: Bernoulli Distribution Uniform Distribution Binomial Distribution Normal Distribution Poisson Distribution One-Way Frequencies The One-Way Frequencies task generates frequency tables from your data. You can also use this task to perform binomial and chi-square tests. One-Way Tables Create frequency tables (also known as crosstabs) in pandas using the pd.crosstab() function. Example: One_way_table_data = pd.crosstab(index=titanic_train["Survived"], columns="count") # Make a crosstab One_way_table_data # Name the count column You can use value_counts() to cross - check these counts titanic_train.count.value_counts() you can get the same result. Correlation Analysis Data correlation is the way in which one set of data may correspond to another set. Correlation is a bivariate analysis that measures the strength of association between two variables and the direction of the relationship. In terms of the strength of relationship, the value of the correlation coefficient varies between +1 and -1. Usually, in statistics, we measure four types of correlations: Pearson correlation, Kendall rank correlation, Spearman correlation, and the Point-Biserial correlation. The software below allows you to very easily conduct a correlation. Syntax used to find a correlation dataframe.corr(method='',min_periods=1) Where, method: {‘pearson’, ‘kendall’, ‘spearman’} Table Analysis Often you need to analyze the information in a table, sometimes called a contingency table or a cross-classification table. You may analyze a single table, or you may analyze a set of tables. Using the Table Analysis task, not only can you analyze a single table, but you can also analyze sets of tables. This provides a way to control, or adjust for, a covariate while assessing the association of the rows and columns of the tables. t-Tests The t-test (also called Student’s T-Test) compares two averages(means) and tells you if they are different from each other. The Student’s t-test is a statistical hypothesis test for testing whether two samples are expected to have been drawn from the same population. Predictive Analysis In this extracting information from existing data in order to determine patterns and predict future outcomes. It does not tell you what will happen in the future. Instead, it forecasts what might happen in the future with an acceptable level of reliability, and includes what-if scenarios and risk assessment. Prescriptive Analysis This is another types type of data analytics—the use of technology to help businesses make better decisions through the analysis of raw data. Specifically, prescriptive analytics factors information about possible situations or scenarios, available resources, past performance, and current performance, and suggests a course of action or strategy. Statistical Analysis It’s the science of collecting, exploring and presenting large amounts of data to discover underlying patterns and trends. Statistics are applied every day – in research, industry and government – to become more scientific about decisions that need to be made. Other some important techniques Linear models Survival Analysis Multivariate Analysis Contact us for this machine learning assignment Solutions by Codersarts Specialist who can help you mentor and guide for such machine learning assignments. If you have project or assignment files, You can send at contact@codersarts.com directly

Airports are managed by a myriad of different information systems. In this assignment, we focus on one such system. You are required to complete a Java program that implements a basic Airport Gate Management System (GMS). The system is described in Section 2. It allows you to build a network of terminals and gates that incoming planes are assigned to. We do not concern ourselves directly with the departure process. Although superficially object-oriented, it does not sufficiently encapsulate the state of an airport. The main learning outcome of this assignment is to improve and justify your version of the GMS. We suggest you implement the initial version described in Section 3 and then refactor it. However, you are not obliged to do this. You are expected to submit a document containing a brief introduction stating what you have achieved, a critique of the initial GMS, and an annotated design of the improved version. Include code fragments and sample runs if you feel that they supplement your narrative. Your main document should not exceed ten pages. You should attach two appendices to your document, both using a small font. The first should contain your GMS and the second should contain your manual testing to highlight that your system performs correctly on both good and bad inputs. The use case given in this brief does not explore the boundary conditions so you will have to add more incoming flights to reveal the problematic scenarios. We are looking for your ability to apply object-oriented concepts through the Java language and your understanding of the pros and cons of various design decisions. Requirements Statement The GMS allows a client (a user or another software system) to create an airport with runways, terminals, and flights. Its main task is to manage runway selection and gate assignments. An airport has a number of runways, with potentially differing lengths. Large planes need long runways, midsize planes can land on either medium-sized runways or longer. Small planes can land on short runways or longer ones too. An airport has a number of terminals, each terminal has a number of gates. Every day there will be a list of planes that will be landing at the airport. You will need to schedule the runways and gates for each plane. The system consists of a GateManager that provides a single point of access to the functions provided (i.e., GateManager is a fa¸cade for the program – more information can be found by searching for the fa¸cade design pattern on the web). In this assignment, you will be required to implement the following functionality: Create an airport and give it a name. Create a number of distinct runways. Each can be either short, medium or long. Create a number of different airlines, each will have their own name. Create an arrival flight given an airline name, a numeric id, an arrival time, minimum size of runway needed, and a departure time. Develop a schedule that maps flights to runways and subsequently gates. Display the schedule. Required Classes for the Initial Version of the GMS 3.1 GateManager This class provides the interface (fa¸cade) to the system. That is, clients interact with the system by calling operations in the GateManager. The GateManager is linked to all the airport objects in the system. When it is created, the GateManager has no terminal, runway or airline objects linked to it. To create such entities, the createTerminal(), createRunway() and createAirline() operations defined in this class must be invoked. The class also contains operations to generate a schedule mapping incoming flights to runways and gates. createAirport(String n): Creates an airport object and links it to the GateManager. No two airports can have the same name. createTerminal(String n, int number): Creates a gate object and links it to the GateManager. A gate has a name and a number of gates. No two gates can have the same name. createAirline(String n): Creates an airline object with name n and links it to the GateManager. No two airlines can have the same name. createFlight(String anm, int id, String atm, Runway r, String dtm): Creates a flight landing request for an airline named anm, with a unique id number, and an arrival time atm given in 24 hour format, the size of runway r required, and a departure time dtm also given in 24 hour format. calculateFlightSchedule(): Attempts to match incoming flights with runways and terminals. It will report an error if not able to do so. displayFlightSchedule(): Displays flight landing details; including runway and gate allocation. 3.2 Terminal This class maintains information about terminals. When created a terminal will have a name and one or more terminals associated with it. 3.3 Runway This class maintains information about runways. When created a runway will have a name and a runway length; either short, medium or long. No two runways can have the same name. 3.4 Airline This class maintains information about airlines. An airline can have 0 or more flights associated with it. When created an airline is not associated with any flights. 3.5 Flight This class maintains information about incoming flights. All flights for a given airline must have unique flight identity numbers. They will have an expected arrival time and stipulate the minimum sized runway required in order to be able to land and take off. Flights will also know their departure time, small airplanes can be turned around in thirty minutes, medium-sized one’s require an hour. Large planes require ninety minutes to ensure passengers can disembark, the plane cleaned and the next set of passengers to be seated. Flights must have left their gate before they can be expected to return to the airport. Example Client Class The following is a sample class with a main() program that calls operations in the GateManager. public class ClientProg { public static void main(String args[]){ GateManager gm = new GateManager("Oxford Airport"); //Create terminals with number of gates gm.createTerminal ("T1", 4); gm.createTerminal ("T2", 8); //Create runways, with differing lengths gm.createRunway ("North",Runway.long); gm.createRunway ("South",Runway.medium); //Create airlines gm.createAirline("OXAIR"); gm.createAirline("BRITISH"); gm.createAirline("FLYCAM"); gm.createAirline("AIRFRANCE"); gm.createAirline("AERLINGUS"); //Create flights gm.createFlight("OXAIR", 1, "10:00", Runway.short, "11:00"); gm.createFlight("RYANAIR", 666, "10:05", Runway.medium, "10:30"); // invalid, undefined airline gm.createFlight("AERLINGUS", 45, "10:10", Runway.medium, "16:10"); gm.createFlight("OXAIR", 1, "10:30", Runway.short, "11:30"); // invalid, plane will have already arrived gm.createFlight("FLYCAM", 1, "11:00", Runway.short, "12:20"); gm.createFlight("BRITISH", 45, "11:30", Runway.long, "12:00"); // invalid, a large plane needs more time to turnaround gm.createFlight("AIRFRANCE", 909, "12:00", Runway.long, "19:00"); gm.createFlight("OXAIR", 2, "14:00", Runway.short, "15:00"); gm.createFlight("FLYCAM", 6, "15:00", Runway.short, "16:20"); gm.createSchedule(); gm.displaySchedule(); } } Object Flight based GMS The manner in which gate bookings are modelled in the Basic GMS is rather imperative. A more sensible object-based approach should be developed. Task 1: Critique the current implementation from a Software Engineering perspective. Design a more Object Oriented version, justifying your decisions, and implement it. Optional: Responding to High Demand In the current implementation, we can only book a runway and gate if there is availability. In practice, flights can circulate for up to half an hour before needing to land. Similarly flights can wait to be docked at a gate if there isn’t one available. Optional Task 2: We want to provide the facility to join a holding pattern so that same arrival time planes can circulate if need be. This can be modelled quite simply by extending the arrival time. A gap of five minutes is required between landings. Flights can wait on the tarmac for up to fifteen minutes to access a gate. Contact us for this Java assignment Solutions by Codersarts Specialist who can help you mentor and guide for such machine learning assignments. 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If you are looking z-notation project assignment help which is related below practice exercise then you can contact us so we can help you. How to start z-editor Click below link to start z-editor: z-editor.github.io/ Practice Exercise Question 1 A tautology is a statement that is true for every valuation of the propositional variables it contains; a contradiction is a statement that is false for every valuation of the variables; and a contingency is a statement that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction. Which of the following are tautologies, which are contradictions, and which are contingencies? (a) (p ^ ¬ p) ) (p _ ¬ p) (b) (p ) ¬ q) _ p (c) ((p ^ q) ) r ) , (¬ r ) ¬ (p ^ q)) In each case, you should present a truth table to justify your answer. Question 2 Using the algebra of propositional logic, rewrite the propositions of Question 1 in their simplest equivalent forms. (By simplest, we mean the form that has the fewest logical connectives.) In each case you should justify the rewriting through a chain of equivalences of the form (p ^ ¬ p) ) (p _ ¬ p) , ... Question 3 By constructing proof trees, show that the tautologies of Question 1 (if there are any) are theorems of the propositional calculus. In doing so, you may make use of any theorems proved during the course. Question 4 You have been asked to design (via a formal model) a prototype for a new online music platform called Streamify. (Note: all of the remaining questions will leverage the definitions of this question.) Three basic types are of initial interest: PlaylistId , SongId and UserId. [PlaylistId , SongId, UserId] A playlist consists of an injective, non-empty sequence of songs: Playlist == iseq1 SongId The initial specification of the system is as follows. songs : F SongId users : F UserId playlists : PlaylistId !7 Playlist playlist owner : PlaylistId !7 UserId playlist subscribers : PlaylistId !7 F1 UserId ... Complete the definition by capturing the following constraints. (a) Only songs that appear in songs can appear in playlists. (b) Only playlists that appear in playlists can appear in playlist owner. (c) Only users that appear in users can appear in playlist owner. (d) Only playlists that appear in playlists can appear in playlist subscribers. (e) Only users that appear in users can appear in playlist subscribers. (f) Every playlist’s owner is, by default, a subscriber to that playlist. Question 5 Users can love or hate songs. This information is captured via the following. hated : UserId !7 F SongId loved : UserId !7 F SongId ... Complete the definition by capturing the following constraints. (a) Only users that appear in users can appear in hated. (b) Only songs that appear in songs can appear in hated. (c) Only users that appear in users can appear in loved. (d) Only songs that appear in songs can appear in loved. (e) No user can both hate and love the same song. Question 6 Show how the following — all of which rely on the definitions of the previous two questions — can be represented via the mathematical language of Z. (a) The users who have subscribed to no playlists. (b) The playlists with at least 100 subscribers. (c) The user who loves the most songs. (You should feel free to assume that there is a unique such user.) (d) The song that is loved by the most users. (Again, you should feel free to assume that there is a unique such song.) Question 7 Let’s now consider two further functions. The first, length, maps a given song (identifier) to its length (in seconds). The second, popularity, assigns a popularity score to each song (identifier). length : SongId !7 N popularity : SongId !7 N ... (a) Complete the above definition, so that: songs appearing in length and popularity must appear in songs; and the popularity of a score is determined by the difference between the number of people who love it and the number of people who hate it — with a non-positive score capped at 0 — multiplied by the number of playlists in which it appears. So, for example, if a song is liked by 6 people, hated by 3 and appears in 10 playlists, then its popularity score will be 30. If, on the other hand, a second song is liked by 3 people, hated by 6 people and also appears in 10 playlists, then its popularity score will be 0. (b) Define, via an axiomatic definition, the most popular song in that appears in songs. If there is not a unique such element, the function should return the null song, which is an element of SongId. (c) Define, via a set comprehension, the set of playlists that feature the most popular song that appears in songs. You should assume that the null song appears in no playlists.

How to Create, Run, and Print Statements and Output for an SQL File Download and install Oracle Express Edition 11g from the following link: https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/express-edition/downloads/xe-prior-releases-5172097.html Note: You will be required to create an account. Open Notepad and type the following at the top of the file: spool path\project2_abc.txt' -- Include the full path. This will start logging to the specified file. set echo on -- This will ensure that all input and output is logged to the file. Type all statements into a Notepad file (it is recommended that you do this a few statements at a time, testing as you go along). Please indicate the different sections of the project using comment lines, which can be created using two hyphens at the beginning of the comment text; e.g., “--Part I” or “--Part II” (without the quotations). Name the file using your initials as a suffix with an sql extension (e.g., project2_abc.sql). Type the following at the very end of the file: set echo off -- This will turn off logging. spool off -- This will close the file. Start your database using the "Start Database" option in the Oracle Database program group (from the Windows "Start button"). Open the SQL command line from the "Run SQL Command Line" option in the Oracle Database program group (from the Windows "Start button"). When the window opens, you will see an SQL prompt. Type the following command to connect to your database: connect system/password. where, password is the password you entered during the installation process. Once connected, you may run your SQL file by typing the start command at the SQL prompt (include the full path). For example: start C:\Users\sarra\Desktop\Project2_kls.sql You will see all of the statements and output scroll by. When it is finished, the SQL prompt will appear again. To disconnect from the database and close your session, type the following: exit Ensure that all your statements and related output appear correctly in the spooled text file. If you have mistakes, you can make the necessary corrections to the SQL statements in your notepad file. Note: If your SQL file contains Create Table statements, you will need to drop the previously-created tables before running the SQL file again. You can do this at the SQL prompt, or you can add the Drop Table statements to the beginning of the SQL file before you run it (the latter is the better option). This project must be completed using an Oracle database with all statements manually typed into an SQL file and run as a batch in Oracle. The output must be written to a text (.txt) file. Statements and results (feedback from Oracle) must be included in the output file for submission. Directions for downloading the software and for creating and running the SQL file will be posted in Canvas. Project 2 Relational Schema I. A) Based on the 3NF relational schema from Project 1 (shown above), analyze the tables, their relationships, and the sample data you were given in Project 1. Create the tables shown, using the best data types based on your analysis. Follow each table name with an underscore and your first, middle, and last initials (if you do not have a middle initial, use X). For example, if your name is Alice B Chandler, you would name the Customer table Customer_abc. Also, keep in mind that foreign key relationships require the same data types on both sides (e.g., if you declare PatientID as NUMBER(5) in the Patient table, it must be declared as NUMBER(5) in the Rental table, too). All CREATE table statements and their resulting output (e.g., “Table created”) must be included in your output file. B) Execute a DESCRIBE statement for each of the tables. All DESCRIBE statements and their resulting output (i.e., the table structure) must be included in your output file). II. A) Insert the sample data from Project 1 into each table. Execute a COMMIT statement to permanently save your changes. All INSERT statements and COMMIT statements, along with their resulting output (e.g., “Row inserted”) must be included in your output file. B) Execute a SELECT statement on each table to list all contents (all columns and all rows). All SELECT statements and their resulting output (i.e., the table and its data) must be included in your output file. III. Execute the transactions below to modify/add to the data entered in the previous step. Execute a COMMIT statement to permanently save your changes. All INSERT, UPDATE, and COMMIT statements, along with their resulting output (e.g., “Row inserted”) must be included in your output file. Patient table Change the phone number of Patient 101 to ‘2145551234’ Add Patient 120 (Amanda Green, no phone number) ApptStatus table Add a new status: ApptStatus ApptStatusDesc X Cancelled Appt table Change the appointment time for Appt 110 to 11:30. Change the appointment status for Appt 108 to Cancelled ApptDetail table Add the following: ApptID ApptReasonCode BlockCode 108 NP L1 IV. Execute a SELECT statement on each table to list all contents (all columns and all rows), sorted in ascending order by its primary key (in the ApptDetail table, sort by PatientID first, then by ApptReasonCode). All SELECT statements and their resulting output (i.e., the table and its data) must be included in your output file. Contact us for this machine learning assignment Solutions by Codersarts Specialist who can help you mentor and guide for such machine learning assignments. If you have project or assignment files, You can send at contact@codersarts.com directly

Programming assignments require you to write and run a computer program to solve a problem. Some programming assignments count toward your final course grade, while others are just for practice. We are helping to students who are looking for programming assignment help for improving grade or learning new skills. Sections of a programming assignment Programming assignments include both assignment instructions and assignment parts. Assignment instructions: Explain the assignment. May include a link to a downloadable starter package that includes starter code, detailed guidelines, and other resources. Assignment parts: Are similar to individual questions within a quiz. Are each a single coding task. Are each worth a certain number of points toward the overall assignment score. Can be completed and submitted all at once, or one at a time. Programming assignment grades Programming assignments are graded automatically. Some are graded using a built-in grading algorithm that compares your program's output to a value specified by your instructor. Others are graded using a custom grading algorithm created by your instructor. If a programming assignment uses built-in grading: Your code will run locally on your computer, and the output will be sent to specified servers. Your grade will be based on comparison against numeric or regular expression grading logic. You'll get your grade a few seconds after submitting. If a programming assignment uses custom grading: Your code will be run on specified servers. Your grade will be based on custom logic provided by your instructor. You'll get your grade within an hour of submitting. You'll need to refresh the page to see your grade. Submit a programming assignment To submit a programming assignment: Open the assignment page for the assignment you want to submit. Read the assignment instructions and download any starter files. Finish the coding tasks in your local coding environment. Check the starter files and instructions when you need to. If the assignment uses script submission, submit your assignment by running the submission script in your local coding environment and entering the submission token. If the assignment uses web submission, upload your files using the instructions on your screen. Test a programming assignment Some programming assignments let you test them before you submit them to get feedback on whether they run. You won't get grades or feedback from the instructor until you submit the assignment. Edit or resubmit a programming assignment You can resubmit a programming assignment if you don't pass on the first attempt or want to improve your score. You might have to wait a certain amount of time between attempts. To resubmit a programming assignment, follow the same steps for submitting one. If your assignment uses script submission, you'll need to select the Generate new token option on the assignment page and use the new submission token. Hire a Assignment expert for Your Project From small assignment tasks to big projects that fits your requirement and budget, And help you deliver better results. please send your assignment requirement at contact@codersarts.com References: https://learner.coursera.help/hc/en-us/articles/209818753-Programming-assignments